New bacteria-resistant materials discovered

ScienceDaily (Aug. 13, 2012) ? Using state-of-the-art technology, scientists at The University of Nottingham have discovered a new class of polymers that are resistant to bacterial attachment. These new materials could lead to a significant reduction in hospital infections and medical device failures.

Medical device associated infections can lead to systemic infections or device failure, costing the NHS ?1bn a year. Affecting many commonly used devices including urinary and venous catheters -- bacteria form communities known as biofilms. This 'strength in numbers approach' protects them against the bodies' natural defences and antibiotics.

Experts in the Schools of Pharmacy and Molecular Medical Sciences, have shown that when the new materials are applied to the surface of medical devices they repel bacteria and prevent them forming biofilms.

The research was led by Professor Morgan Alexander, and Professor Martyn Davies in the School of Pharmacy and Professor Paul Williams in the School of Molecular Medical Sciences.?

The novel materials had to be found using a new technique

Researchers believed there were new materials that could resist bacteria better but they had to find them. This meant screening thousands of different chemistries and testing their reaction to bacteria -- a challenge which was beyond conventional materials development or any of our current understanding of the interaction of micro-organisms with surfaces.

The discovery has been made with the help of experts from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) -- who initially developed the process by which thousands of unique polymers can now be screened simultaneously.

Professor Alexander said: "This is a major scientific breakthrough -- we have discovered a new group of structurally related materials that dramatically reduce the attachment of pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli). We could not have found these materials using the current understanding of bacteria-surface interactions. The technology developed with the help of MIT means that hundreds of materials could be screened simultaneously to reveal new structure-property relationships. In total thousands of materials were investigated using this high throughput materials discovery approach leading to the identification of novel materials resisting bacterial attachment. This could not have been achieved using conventional techniques."

These new materials prevent infection by stopping biofilm formation at the earliest possible stage -- when the bacteria first attempt to attach themselves to the device. In the laboratory experts were able to reduce the numbers of bacteria by up to 96.7per cent -- compared with a commercially available silver containing catheter -- and were effective at resisting bacterial attachment in a mouse implant infection model. By preventing bacterial attachment the body's own immune system can kill the bacteria before they have time to generate biofilms.

Ted Bianco, Director of Technology Transfer at the Wellcome Trust, said: "Infections caused by microbial biofilms binding to the surface of implants often cannot be treated with conventional antibiotics. This makes them a significant challenge in patient care, particularly for those with inserted medical devices like catheters, heart valves and prosthetic joints. The discovery of these new polymers is a great example of how advances in materials science are being exploited in our efforts to improve the performance of critical medical components. Just as materials science gave us the non-stick saucepan, so we look forward to the day of the 'non-stick' medical device."

Bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm formation are key challenges to the performance of medical devices. This is early stage research but the initial results are very promising. The next stage of this research will be to develop the manufacture of these coatings to enable the performance of these materials to be assessed clinically and the inventors are in early stage discussions with a number of medical device companies.

The results of the ?1.3m four year research project supported by a Translation Award from the Wellcome Trust, have been published on August 12, 2012, in the academic journal Nature Biotechnology.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Nottingham.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Andrew L Hook, Chien-Yi Chang, Jing Yang, Jeni Luckett, Alan Cockayne, Steve Atkinson, Ying Mei, Roger Bayston, Derek J Irvine, Robert Langer, Daniel G Anderson, Paul Williams, Martyn C Davies, Morgan R Alexander. Combinatorial discovery of polymers resistant to bacterial attachment. Nature Biotechnology, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2316

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_science/~3/GCeLOLS3soI/120813074017.htm

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How Car Insurance Works | Spark Change

If you own your own car, you probably already know a small about car indemnity. You may have heard the words deductible or premium. But, do you truly know the different parts of an auto indemnity policy and do you know how to choose the best coverage?

Forty-seven states require that you have at least some kind of car indemnity, so it?s a excellent thought to know what the law requires you to have and what additional or optional coverage will help to protect you in the event of an accident.

Before purchasing auto indemnity, you must consider a variety of factors including what kind of car you have, your driving record and the amount of money you are willing to pay. Understanding the simple basics of auto indemnity will make you confident that the car indemnity policy you choose will take care of your needs in the event of an accident.

In this article, we will walk you through the types of coverage that indemnity companies offer and discuss possible indemnity needs. Additionally we will look at what affects the price of auto indemnity, how to bring the costs down and how to know the components of your policy.

We?ll start with the different types of coverage you can choose from on the next page.

Everyone who drives needs car indemnity. In fact, most states require it by law. When you buy car indemnity, you are buying what is called a policy. Your policy is based on a variety of factors including what kind of car you drive as well as what kind of indemnity you want. Auto indemnity policies are really a package of different types of indemnity coverage.

The first step in understanding an auto indemnity policy is to learn the various types of coverage indemnity companies offer. Some of this coverage may be required by your state and some of the coverage may be optional.

• Liability ? This coverage pays for accidental bodily injury and property hurts to others. Injury hurts include medical expenses, pain and suffering and lost wages. Property hurt includes hurt property and automobiles. This coverage also pays defense and court costs. State laws determine how much liability coverage you must buy, but you can always get more coverage than your state requires.
• Collision ? This coverage pays for hurts to your vehicle caused by collision with another vehicle or object.
• Comprehensive ? This coverage pays for loss or hurt to the insured vehicle that doesn?t occur in an auto accident. The types of hurts comprehensive indemnity covers include loss caused by fire, wind, hail, flood, vandalism or theft.
• Medical Coverage ? Pays medical expenses regardless of fault when the expenses are caused by an auto accident.
• PIP ? Personal Injury Protection (PIP) is required in some states. This coverage pays medical expenses for the insured driver, regardless of fault, for treatment due to an auto accident.
• Uninsured Motorist ? Pays your car?s hurts when an auto accident is caused by a driver who doesn?t have liability indemnity.
• Underinsured Motorist ? Pays your car?s hurts when an auto accident is caused by someone who has insufficient liability indemnity.
• Rental Reimbursement ? This type of coverage will pay for a rental car if your car is hurt due to an auto accident. Often this coverage has a daily allowance for a rental car.

Many indemnity policies combine a number of these types of coverage. The first step in choosing the indemnity you want for your car is to know the laws in your state. This will tell you the minimum indemnity you need for your car. It?s excellent to keep in mind that, just because your state may not require extensive indemnity, extra coverage may be value the expense. After all, no one wants to be stuck with thousands of dollars value of bills because of an auto accident.

Now, let?s take a look at how to determine your indemnity needs.

Just because your state requires a minimum amount of indemnity doesn?t mean that?s exactly what you should buy. In fact, most motorists buy more coverage than their state requires so that they are covered for a variety of problems ? not simply a fender bender. In order to better determine your auto indemnity needs, consider these five guidelines:

Know Your State Laws

Remember that forty-seven states require that you buy liability indemnity. Liability indemnity is what pays for bodily injury and property hurt that you cause another driver. Fifteen states including Florida, Maryland, Michigan, Massachusetts, New York and New Jersey also require that you buy Personal Injury Protection (PIP). This coverage pays for your medical expenses and lost wages in the event of an auto accident. Your indemnity minimum will most likely be determined by state law, but many people are encouraged to buy more than is required.

Know Your Options

There are a lot of car indemnity options; but knowing what you most likely will need is the key to making sure you are appropriately covered. Do you want coverage for a rental car if your car is hurt? Do you want an extended warranty to pay for parts and labor if your car breaks down? If your car is leased, you will probably need gap indemnity which pays for the difference linking what your insurer pays and what you owe on your lease if the car is completely totaled.

Know How Much Money You Want to Waste

If you know your state laws and have examined your personal needs, now you can place together the different pieces of auto indemnity coverage in one total policy. The first piece of the policy is nearly always liability indemnity. If you only have minimum liability coverage and you injure someone, their attorney can go after your personal assets. So, you need to know your assets and what you can afford to lose in the event of an accident. Many insurers feel that minimum liability is a gamble. In fact, that is why it is often only a small more money for more protection. After all, if you do get into an accident, it is much better for the indemnity company to be responsible than for you to be personally responsible. Remember to run through various scenarios such as if I totaled someone else?s car, will my indemnity cover it? How much will I have to pay out of my own pocket? The answers to these types of questions will determine what coverage makes you feel most confident should an accident happen.

Know Your Vehicle

If your car was totaled, would you be able to afford to replace it? If not, you will want comprehensive and collision coverage. The choice to buy this coverage is usually based on the value of your car. Guidelines usually suggest that if your car is value less than $2,000, it won?t be value it to buy comprehensive and collision. If you own a $50,000 car though, it would most certainly be value it to pay an extra $200 annually or so to insure that your car will be replaced if you get in a serious accident.

Know About Your Other Indemnity

Many people don?t realize that other types of indemnity including health indemnity and homeowners indemnity may pay for hurts due to an auto accident. For instance, if you have comprehensive health coverage, you probably won?t need more than the minimum required Personal Injury Protection (PIP). Make sure you know what indemnity coverage you already have so that you don?t buy unnecessary coverage.

The best way to figure out your own auto indemnity needs is to examine potential policies and know how much you are willing to gamble. For instance, it may not be value it to you to buy collision indemnity if your car is not incredibly valuable and would therefore cost less to fix than to keep insured. Auto indemnity is simply about how much you are willing to pay out of your own pocket versus how much you want the indemnity company to cover. Once you influence this, you?re all set to buy your auto indemnity policy.

There are several factors that change the price of auto indemnity. Of course, prices vary by company and you should compare prices thoroughly before you buy a policy. The first thing that affects your policy?s price is, of course, what kind of car you drive. For instance, a sports car costs more to insure than a family sedan. If you buy a vehicle that has a high theft rate, your coverage will probably be more expensive. Essentially, though, your coverage will be based on the value of your car.

Another factor that affects auto indemnity costs is where you live. If you live in an area where there is a high occurrence of accidents or vandalism, indemnity will cost more money. For instance, since more cars are hurt in urban areas than in rural areas, you will probably pay more for indemnity if you live in a city.

How often you drive will also change your indemnity costs. The more you drive, the higher the chances you will be an accident. Drivers who have long-distance commutes will pay more than people who live near their workplace. Meanwhile, if you only use your car on weekends, your indemnity rates should be lower than someone who commutes to work daily.

The final factors that change the price of auto indemnity have to do with who you are. Your age, sex, marital status and driving record are all taken into tab when you buy an indemnity policy. Accident rates are higher for drivers under the age of 25, so if you are young, expect to pay a small more. Also, accident rates are higher for young males and single males. It doesn?t seem honest, but if you are an unmarried 19-year-ancient male, your indemnity rates will certainly be affected. If your driving record is impeccable, though, your rates will be lower. Obviously, drivers who are prone to traffic violations or accidents will have to pay more for indemnity than safe drivers.

If these cost factors are beginning to scare you, don?t worry. There are several ways to keep your indemnity rates down.

There are four main factors that can keep auto indemnity rates down. See if you fall into any of the later categories. If you do, you may be able to save money on your car indemnity regardless of the value of your automobile.

1. If you are looking to buy a car, consider buying a car that ?looks excellent? to indemnity companies. For instance, indemnity companies know what kinds of cars are prone to problems. They also know what kinds of cars are most often stolen. If you haven?t bought your car yet, find out what cars make this ?excellent list? among auto insurers.
2. Most indemnity companies offer discounts for a variety of reasons ? for example, excellent students, having more than one car insured and accident-free driving are all value a discount. Question indemnity companies about specific discounts that may be available to you.
3. Consider carpooling or using public transportation to get to work. The less you use your car, the less your indemnity will cost you.
4. Finally, drive carefully! Indemnity companies are not pleased to insure accident-prone drivers, so the safer you drive, the less you will have to pay for auto indemnity.

Remember, don?t be worried to question your indemnity company about any discounts they offer ? it could save you a small cash.

Purchasing auto indemnity is not simply about the value of your car or how often you get into accidents, it is also about how much money you are willing to pay for your coverage. All auto indemnity policies have a deductible. The deductible is the part of your policy that you are responsible for paying. Auto indemnity policies don?t simply take care of all necessary expenses. You are required to pay for some of the hurts, but the amount depends on your policy. Deductibles vary by state, but are most often in amounts of $100, $250, $500 or $1,000. For example, if you are in an accident that causes $2,500 value of hurt and your deductible is $500, you are required to pay the $500 and the indemnity company will take care of the left over $2,000.

When deciding what indemnity policy you want to buy, choosing a deductible is an vital step. After all, you will have to pay the deductible for each and every situation in which you require your indemnity company to cover hurts. Deciding how much you are willing to pay and how often you reckon you will need to make an indemnity claim will help you influence what deductible amount is right for you. In addition, the premium you pay, or the price of your total coverage annually, can be lowered by choosing a higher deductible. In other words, if you are willing to pay higher out-of-pocket costs, you can lower the total cost of your indemnity.

Purchasing an auto indemnity policy doesn?t have to be confusing. You want a policy to take care of your expenses in the event of accident, theft, vandalism or most any other instance in which there is hurt to your own or someone else?s vehicle. By knowing what your state requires, what your needs are, what discounts you qualify for and how much coverage you want for your car, you will be able to choose the right policy.

Auto Indemnity Glossary

Source: Insweb.Com

• Deductible ? The amount an insured person must pay before the indemnity company pays the remainder of each covered loss, up to the policy limits.
• Multi-Car discount ? A discount offered by some indemnity companies for those with more than one vehicle insured on the same policy.
• No-Fault Indemnity ? Many states have enacted auto accident laws permitting auto accident victims to collect directly from their own indemnity companies for medical and hospital expenses regardless of who was at fault in the accident. Although there are many legal variations of no-fault indemnity, most states subdue allow people to sue the party at fault if the amount of hurts is above a particular state-determined amount.
• Personal Auto Policy ? The most common auto indemnity policy sold today. Often referred to as ?PAP,? this policy is written in simple wording and provides coverage for liability, medical payments, uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage, and physical hurt protection
• Split Limit ? Any indemnity coverage with separately stated limits for different types of coverage.
• Term ? The length of time for which a policy is in effect.
• Usage ? This refers to the primary function or purpose of your vehicle. For example, if you primarily drive your car to and from work, the usage is considered ?go back and forth.?

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Source: http://www.spark-change.org/how-car-insurance-works/9701/

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Could Compact Fluorescent Bulbs Pose Skin Cancer Risk?

FRIDAY, August 3 (HealthDay News) -- As the United States bakes under the summer sun, dermatologists often warn of cancer risks posed by ultraviolet (UV) sunlight. But research now points to a new and ubiquitous indoor source of these harmful rays: eco-friendly compact fluorescent light bulbs.

Scientists say they found widespread chipping or cracking in the phosphor surface coating of nearly all the compact fluorescent bulbs they examined, allowing UV rays to escape.

Most of the bulbs "have cracks in the phosphor coating, probably due to the fact that the coating is brittle and has trouble making the tight bends required to make these bulbs compact," explained study lead author Miriam Rafailovich, a professor of materials science and engineering and director of the Garcia Center for Polymers at Engineered Interfaces at Stony Brook University in Stony Brook, N.Y. "As a result, we observed, by eye, defects in nearly all the bulbs that we studied."

And, Rafailovich added that, "skin cells exposed to [compact fluorescent light] emissions showed the same damage as those exposed to UV light" when placed in close range (meaning less than one foot) to a CFL bulb.

The study is funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation and is published in a recent issue of the journal Photochemistry and Photobiology.

As Americans grow more concerned about environmental and energy issues, millions have made the switch from the old incandescent bulbs to compact fluorescents. The U.S. National Institutes of Health notes that the newer technology uses roughly 75 percent less energy than standard incandescent bulbs.

Each compact fluorescent bulb has a phosphor coating applied to its narrow glass tubing. The coating is designed to both enhance the bulb's luminescence capacity while at the same time absorbing UV radiation that would otherwise be emitted.

But the authors warn that if the bulb's surface area is riddled with "bald" spots, UV protection is lost.

To see how widespread the problem might be, the Stony Brook team set out to purchase a wide array of compact fluorescent bulbs commercially available in stores across the Suffolk and Nassau county regions of Long Island, N.Y.

They measured each bulb for levels of UV emissions, while at the same time examining each for signs of cracking in its phosphor coating.

The result: All the bulbs, regardless of manufacturer or brand, were found to emit "significant" levels of both UVC and UVA rays as a result of cracks in their respective applied coatings.

Further laboratory testing revealed that when healthy human skin cells were exposed to the UV emitted from the bulbs, damage ensued that was "consistent" with the damage typically caused by UV radiation from the sun.

By contrast, exposure to incandescent bulbs of similar strength prompted no skin cell damage.

According to Rafailovich, "these bulbs are fragile, the phosphor is easily damaged, and possibly dangerous amounts of UV are emitted. Therefore, it's best not to use these bulbs at close range -- less than a couple of feet -- or look directly at them. To be safe, they should be used behind a glass cover, or kept at a distance of several feet or more."

Rafailovich said it's incredible that this situation has arisen at all. "You should not need suntan lotion to protect you from indoor lighting," she said.

In any case, one dermatologist believes using sunscreen each day is a good way to keep the UV away, whatever the source.

Dr. William Ting is a private practice dermatologist and medical director of California Dermatology Care in San Ramon, Calif. He said that doctors "have always had some suspicion about these bulbs in terms of exactly how much UV is getting through to patients. However, I don't think we're going to slow down the adoption of this technology, which means that people will increasingly find themselves in environments where they have no control over the use of these light bulbs."

His advice: "Everyone should be wearing sunscreen every single day no matter what, because even a short commute from home to work can lead to sun damage over time. And if everyone adheres to that there's no reason to be concerned about this issue."

Another expert agreed.

"Recommending that people apply sunscreen every day is always good advice," said Dr. Darrell Rigel, a clinical professor of dermatology at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York City. "That said, I'm not sure what the risk is here. Is it a risk of some kind? Yes. It is a big risk? Probably not. And I would not alarm people that they're going to get skin cancer because they're exposed to a compact fluorescent [bulb]."

"For example," Rigel said, "most people work in offices within five to six feet of the long, standard fluorescent light bulbs that everyone is familiar with. And over the course of a typical work year of 2,000 hours you'd get the equivalent of about 20 minutes of street sun exposure in NYC in September. In other words, not a lot. So while more research is needed, at this point I wouldn't have people panicking about this."

The American Lighting Association, an industry group representing light bulb manufacturers, did not respond to HealthDay requests for comment.

More information

Find out more about compact fluorescent bulbs at the U.S. National Institutes of Health.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/could-compact-fluorescent-bulbs-pose-skin-cancer-risk-160412698.html

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Cluck N Chatter: Ranch - Woodstock Farmers Market

I feel that the last few articles, though very important for beginning backyard chicken keepers, have been very instructional, and informative, but also not very personable. So, in this article, I would like to tell you a little bit about me, what I do, what I want to do, and maybe a little bit of why I do it?but I think that one is pretty easy to figure out?. I love the Urban Farming Lifestyle?(and Chickens!!!)

I am currently enrolled in the Beginning Urban Farmer?s Apprenticeship (BUFA) program through Oregon State University Extension Services, partnered with Multnomah County, which focuses on all aspects of Urban Farming and business practices. One of the sites where we grow is the Learning Gardens Lab, on SE 60th, across from Lane Middle School, and we sell our produce at the Lents International Farmers Market. Our other farming site is called the CROPS (Community Reaps Our Produce and Shares) site, located across the street from McMenamins Edgefield in Troutdale, where along with community volunteers, are able to donate thousands of pounds of fresh produce to the Oregon Food Bank, at SnowCap.

I am in the beginning stages of developing my small business, Cluck N? Chatter Ranch. We are located right ?down the hill? from the Woodstock Farmer?s Market, on ? acre in the Johnson Creek Watershed. I have a beautifully diverse flock of about 20 hens, 2 ducks, 2 pheasants and 15 quail. I breed and raise chickens, as well as quail, and I sell birds (for pets, not food) and eggs.

My garden has been ever expanding. This year we plowed out the large section of yard adjoining the garden and I planted all flowers. I am using the Good Agricultural Practices learned through BUFA and attempting to grow as much of the highest quality produce in a small space that I can. With the arrival of summer (Finally! Woohoo!), the veggies are absolutely ?popping? and I have been able to sell gorgeous baskets of local produce to my friends. Anyone is invited on a tour of the ranch, as well as a ?meet and greet? of the Chickens.

I am also a licensed teacher, working as a substitute, and future plans include guest speeches on Urban Farming, Backyard Chicken Keeping, and overall sustainability to students in local schools. I have already visited one school, before the summer break, and brought some of my ?Chicken Ambassadors? who were a huge hit!

I have also started a Facebook page, www.facebook.com/CluckNChatterRanch, and invite you all to check it out. I post daily pictures and stories of all of the things I am doing down here! If you enjoy it, please feel to ?like? and share with your friends. I also welcome comments and stories!

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Our series Cluck N? Chatter is written by?Wendy Bruder and owner of Cluck N? Chatter Ranch

Posted on: August 2nd, 2012

Source: http://www.woodstockmarketpdx.com/2012/08/02/cluck-n-chatter-ranch/

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Live with a Spanish family whilst gaining Work Experience | Jobs ...

Posted by JAB on August 3rd, 2012

SPAIN / Myfamilyabroad.com

We find you a lovely Spanish family in the beautiful city of Madrid where you get FREE accommodation and full board. In return you volunteer as an English Language Assistant and help your Spanish family with their English. (No TEFL required)

What does the programme involve?
You practise English with your family through helping them out with homework, playing activities and board games, sports and outdoor fun, reading books and comics and general conversation. Giving you the opportunity to gain invaluable teaching experience whilst immersing yourself in Spanish culture.

Programme timetable:
15 hours of English practice a week (plus general living time e.g. dinnertime)

1 ? 3 months (the length of stay will be agreed before your arrival)

So what?s included?
1. Accommodation with a Spanish Family
2. Food
3. Welcome Reception and Training in Madrid (approx. 2 hours)
4. Pre-departure and Arrival packs
5. 25% discount on Spanish classes in Madrid
6. Access to our online Member?s Area of ideas and activities

Why take part?
Gain invaluable work experience
Improve your teaching and communication skills
Enhance your CV. Make it more interesting for future employers
Live rent-free and experience life abroad
Completely immerse yourself in another culture
Take your first step into the TEFL world
Improve your language skills
Meet new people and have an unforgettable experience!

Requirements:
18 ? 30 years
Native English speaker (UK only at present)
Further education (e.g. A-levels or equivalent, degree)
Be enthusiastic, have lots of energy and enjoy working with children
Experience is not required but can help your application

Please note this is an unpaid voluntary position with a programme fee.
We are currently only able to accept applicants from the UK.

For further information and sign up please check out our website:
www.myfamilyabroad.com

Any queries contact us through our website www.myfamilyabroad.com or email us at info@myfamilyabroad.com

Nationalities Accepted: UK applicants only

Expires: Sept 22, 2012

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Source: http://www.jobsabroadbulletin.co.uk/live-with-a-spanish-family-whilst-gaining-work-experience/

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The best Chiropractor menai (back pain) in town

August 3, 2012 on 12:12 pm | By admin | In Daily Health News

Back pain is the worse case caused due to the problems with spinal cord and people suffering from this problem should consult a menai chiropractic centre (back pain). This problem is very painful and can become very severe if ignored. The best possible solution is to consult Dr. Cameron Hopkins who is responsible for the treatment of these problems. From the past 22 years he has been treating the patients who are suffering from back pains. Dr. Cameron Hopkins has designed the treatment in a very effective way. He has focused his attention to make the treatment painless with his remedies. Dr. Cameron Hopkins is one of the best chiropractor menai (back pain).

Source: http://www.budchism.com/daily-health-news/the-best-chiropractor-menai-back-pain-in-town/

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